Comprehensive Documentation for Torque Control in a Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine (HESM) for Electric Traction

System Overview

What is a Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine (HESM)?

A Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine (HESM) is a type of synchronous motor that integrates both permanent magnets (PMs) and a separately controlled excitation winding. This structure provides dynamic control over the air-gap flux, enabling:

• Wide-speed operation with field-weakening capability.
• Improved efficiency over conventional PM and wound-field synchronous machines.
• Better torque control for electric traction applications.

Purpose of the Simulation

The simulation aims to:

• Analyze torque production and flux regulation across different speed ranges.
• Evaluate direct torque control (DTC) and field-oriented control (FOC) strategies.
• Optimize efficiency and operational flexibility for electric traction.

Key Features

Dual-Mode Excitation Control

By adjusting the excitation winding current, the flux can be controlled dynamically.
➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Allows real-time tuning of excitation strategies for efficiency optimization.

Advanced Torque Control Strategies

The simulation supports:

• Field-Oriented Control (FOC): Decoupled control of torque and flux for precise performance.
• Direct Torque Control (DTC): Fast dynamic response without the need for current loops.
  ➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Enables real-world evaluation of control strategies before hardware implementation.

Field-Weakening Capability for High-Speed Operation

The machine can adjust its flux at high speeds to avoid excessive back EMF.
➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Allows real-time assessment of field-weakening efficiency in electric traction applications.

Precise Torque Control

HESMs provide precise and smooth torque control, improving performance and efficiency in electric traction systems.

High Efficiency

HESMs combine the advantages of PMSMs and WRSMs, offering high efficiency and flexible excitation control.

Regenerative Braking

Torque control enables efficient energy recovery during braking, improving overall energy efficiency.

Flexibility

HESMs can operate under a wide range of conditions, making them suitable for various industrial applications.

Simulation Objectives

This simulation helps evaluate:

• The effectiveness of torque and flux control methods.
• Dynamic performance of the HESM under varying load and speed conditions.
• Energy efficiency improvements for electric traction applications.
  ➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Enables real-time validation before deployment in traction systems.

Technical Description

System Configuration

• Input: DC power supply or battery system for EV applications.
• Output: Controlled torque and speed via an inverter-fed HESM.
• Power Stage: IGBT/MOSFET-based three-phase inverter.

Control Methodology

• Torque Control: Implemented via FOC and DTC strategies.
• Flux Regulation: Achieved through excitation current adjustment.
• Modulation Techniques: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) for smooth inverter switching.
  ➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Supports real-time implementation of different control algorithms.

Advantages of HESM for Electric Traction

• Improved Efficiency: Optimal flux control reduces losses.
• Wide Speed Range: Field-weakening capability allows high-speed operation.
• Higher Torque Density: Better performance compared to traditional synchronous machines.
  ➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Enables precise tuning of control parameters for real-world applications.

Applications

Railway and Metro Systems

Electric Trains: HESMs are used in electric locomotives and metro trains for efficient traction and regenerative braking. Torque control ensures smooth operation and energy recovery during braking.

Light Rail and Trams: HESMs provide precise torque control for light rail and tram systems, improving energy efficiency and passenger comfort.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Passenger Cars: HESMs with torque control are used in electric cars to provide smooth acceleration, regenerative braking, and efficient power conversion. Simulations optimize torque control algorithms for improved performance and energy efficiency.

Commercial Vehicles: Electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans use HESMs for reliable and efficient traction, especially in stop-and-go urban driving conditions.

Industrial Machinery

Electric Forklifts: HESMs with torque control are used in electric forklifts for precise load handling and efficient operation in warehouses and factories.

Conveyor Systems: HESMs provide reliable torque control for conveyor systems in manufacturing and logistics, ensuring smooth material handling.

Aerospace and Defense

Electric Aircraft: HESMs are used in electric and hybrid aircraft for propulsion and auxiliary systems. Torque control ensures efficient and reliable operation under varying flight conditions.

Military Vehicles: Electric and hybrid military vehicles use HESMs for traction, providing high torque and efficiency in challenging terrains.

Marine and Offshore Applications

Electric Ships: HESMs are used in electric and hybrid ships for propulsion and auxiliary systems. Torque control ensures efficient operation and energy recovery during braking.

Underwater Vehicles: HESMs provide precise torque control for remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), enabling efficient and reliable operation.

Agricultural and Construction Equipment

Electric Tractors: HESMs with torque control are used in electric tractors for efficient and precise operation in agricultural applications.

Electric Excavators: HESMs provide reliable torque control for electric excavators, improving energy efficiency and performance in construction sites.

Material Handling and Logistics

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs): HESMs are used in AGVs for precise torque control, ensuring efficient and reliable operation in warehouses and factories.

Cranes and Hoists: HESMs provide reliable torque control for cranes and hoists, improving safety and efficiency in material handling.

Research and Development

Prototype Testing: Simulations are used to test and validate HESM prototypes, reducing the need for physical testing and accelerating development.

Control Strategy Development: Simulations help develop and optimize torque control algorithms for HESMs, ensuring efficient and reliable operation.

Fault Analysis: Simulations help study the behavior of HESMs under fault conditions, improving system reliability and safety.
➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Ensures real-time simulation of diverse applications before hardware deployment.

Simulation Benefits

With this simulation, users can:

• Analyze torque dynamics and flux control efficiency.
• Compare FOC and DTC performance for optimal selection.
• Optimize excitation strategies for energy-efficient operation.
  ➡️ HIL/PHIL Benefit: Provides hardware-level validation before real-world implementation.